How a Mechanical Refrigerator Operates

Before studying the operation of the mechanical refrigerator, it is important to understand the physical and thermal properties of mechanisms and substanes used to exsrat heat. Removing heat from insede a refigerator is somewhat like removing water from a leaking canoe. A sponge may be used to soak up the water. The spoge is held over the side, squeezed, and the water is released overboard. The operation may be repeated as often as necessary to transfer the water from the canoe into the lake. In a refregerator, heat instead of water is transferred. Inside the refregerator, heat is absorbed, “soaked up” by the liquid refregerant in the evaporator (cooling unit). This happens as the refrigerant changes from a liquid to avapor (gas). After the refrigerant has absorbed het and has turned  into  vapor, it is pump into the condensing unit located outside the refrigerant space. Here it is compressed. The head is “squeezed” out by high pressure and high temperture. Then it is cooled in the condenser. This cycle repeats until the desired temperture is obtained. Heat gets into a refrigerator in many ways. It leaks in though the insulation and enters with the warmer air when the door is opened. Still more is introduced when warm substances are placed in the refrigerator. Heat is not destroyed to make the refrigerator cold; it is simply removed from the refrigerted space and released outside. See fig. An elementary mechanical refrigerator. In operation, liquid refrigerant under high pressure flows from liquid receiver to pressure reducing valve (refrigerant control) and into evaporator. Here pressure is greatly reduced, liquid refrigerant boils and absorbs heat from evaporator. Refigerant is now a vapor, flows back to compressor and is compressed to a high pressure, its temperature is greatly increased and in the condeser the heat is transferred to surrouding air, the refrigerant is cooled and becomes a liquid again.it flows back into the liquid receiver from which its cooling cycle is repeated.

The benefits of Tunggak Beans (Vigna unguicilata) and Risk of Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, is the debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue who are not because of by lack of rest and may be exacerbated by physical or mental activity. The people with CFS most often function under its activity be substantially lower level of their ability before the onset of disease. In addition to the key that determines these characteristics, patients report various nonspecific symptoms, including weakness, muscle pain, impaired memory and / or mental concentration, insomnia, and post-exertional fatigue lasting more than 24 hours. In some cases, CFS can persist for years. Causes that lead to CFS have not been identified and no specific diagnostic tests are available

In addition, since many illnesses have disabling fatigue as a symptom, care must be taken to exclude other conditions that are known and can often be treated before the diagnosis of CFS done. The addition ingredients into the body phytoestrogens may reduce complaints and symptoms of estrogen deficiency syndrome and reduce the risk of menopause and hormone replacement therapy reduces. These results have been researched by prof. Ali, M (2009) and had been patented, mentions that the phytoestrogens extracted from cowpea (Vigna unguicilata) Walps varieties of KT-7) produced the content of phytoestrogens (daidzein and genistein) are optimal when compared with other types of plants. Bengkoang (Pachyrrhiazus erosus URBAN) and tebi or Bithok (Pueraria triloba (Lour) Makino, or Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi or Puraria thunbergiana (S & Z) varieties Kangean, in Indonesia, also contain phytoestrogens daidzein and ganistein. In addition ekstrat cowpea is containing 4, 5, 7 - trihydroxy flavone and quercetin. Furthermore he explains that the extraction method to generate optimal phytoestrogens obtained by using 80% methanol solvent.

 

Turmeric Antidiabetic

Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) is one spice and medicines, natural habitat of this plant covering an area of ​​Asia, especially Southeast Asia. This herb is good for cooking, medicines maintain health and beauty. Nutrient content in turmeric that can be used as a medicine consisting of: curcumin, desmetoksikumin, bisdesmetoksikurkurmin and substances other benefits. Yulinah (2009), have examined the combined extract of turmeric (Curcuma domestica) and garlic (Allium sativum) as antihiperlipidemia and antidiabetic. He mentioned that both these plants have antihiperlipidemia and antidiabetic effect but in combination according to this invention, showing a stronger effect than each of them singly so that each dose of the combination can be reduced by half with the effect of which is still comparable to the effect of each singly. The invention is an alternative antidiabetic drugs as well as from the combination ekstrat antihiperlipidemia ekstrat turmeric and garlic, which is not toxic, but has the effect of antidiabetic and antihiperlipidemia stronger than ekstrat single, so that doses combinations can be reduced by half with equivalent effect by the use of the single.

Energy

There are two kinds of energy-potential and kinetic. Potential energi is like a body of water controlled by adam. The water has a great petential for doing work; but, until the water flows though  water weel, no energy is produced. Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving body. The formula is KE = ½ MV² = foot Pounds.  M = Weight, divided by 32 (the acceleration due to gravity). V = Velocity in feet per second (fps).

a). Energy Equivalents – English

1 Btu                                = 778 ft.lb

                                         = 252 gram-calories

                                         = 1054 joules

1 Horsepower                = 33.000 ft.lb/min

                                         = 550 ft.lb/sec

                                         = 746 watt

                                         = 2545.6 btu/hr

                                         = 42.42 Btu/min

                                         = 1.014 hp (metric).

1 hosepower hour        = 1 horsepower for 1 hr

                                         = 1.980.000 ft.ib

                                         = 746 watt hours

                                         = .746 kilowatt hours

                                         = 2545 Btu

1 Kilowatt                        = 1000 watts

                                         = 1.34 horsepower

1kilowatt hour                = 1 kilowatt for hr

                                         = 1000 watt hours

b). Ice Melting Effect (IME)

1 ton of refrigeration     = 288.000 Btu/day

                                         = 12.000 Btu/hr

                                         = 200 Btu/min

                                         = 83.3 lb. Of ice/hr

c). Linear Mesuare Equivalents-English-Metric

           

1 inch                                          = 2.54 centimetres

                                                     = 25.4 millimetres

                                                     = 5.400 microns

1 food      = 12 inches              = .304 metres

                                                     = 30.48 cntimetres

1yard           = 3 feet                   = .914 metres

                                                     = 91.44 centimetres

1 micron                                      = .000.394 inches

1 millimetre = 1000 micron      = .0394 inches

1 centimetre= 10 millimtres     = .3937 inches

1 metre         = 100centimetre = 39.37 inches

1 kilometre   = 1000 metres     = 62137 miles

d). Energy Equivalents – Metric

Energy

1 dyne cm = 1 erg = .001 g cm = 7.38 x 10.8 ft ib

1 g cm = 980.6 ergs = 7.233 x 10.5 ft.lb

1 ft.lb = 13.557.300 ergs = 13.825.5 g cm

1 therm = 100.000 Btu

Rate of Energy

1 erg/sec = 1 dyne cm = 7.38 x 10.8 ft.lb/sec

1 g cm = 980.6 ergs/sec = 7.233 x 10.5 ft.lb/sec

1 ft.lb/sec = 13.557.300 ergs = 13.825.5 g cm/sec

e). Area Equivalents

1 q.in                               = .0065 sq. Metres

1 sq.ft      = 144 sq.in    = .093 sq metres

1 sq.yd    = 9 sq.ft          = .836 sq mtres

f). Volume Equivalents

1 cu.in                             = .016 litres

                                         = .16.39 centimetres

1 cu ft      = 1728 cu. In = 28.317 litres = .0283 metres

1 cu.yd    = 27 cu.ft

                 = 46.656 cu.in

1 gal        = .1337 cu.ft = 3.79 litres

                 = 231 cu.in    = 3785 centimetres

h). Heat equivalents

1 Btu                                = 258 calories

1 kilocalorie                    = 1000 calories

1 Btu/lb                           = .55 kcal/kg

1 Btu/lb                           = 2.326 kJ/kg

1 kcal/kg                                     = 1.8 Btu/lb

1 Btu/hr                           = .2931 watts

Antenna coconut shells

If see coconut shells, perhaps people remember charcoal, rice ladle, and bailer. However, Supeno M (2010) has patented antenna coconut shells. In 1995 he made from coconut shell carbon as a raw material to make tires, Minto is now using as an antenna. Minto also add brass or copper electrodes, so the ability to channel the waves get bigger. Mounted at a height of 50 centimeters start up to two meters, the antenna was turned out of coconut shell can be used to receive at the same time emit waves, so that it can be used to capture television broadcasts, Handle-talkie radio, and phone calls. ''For broadcast television, antenna catches the shell is more cool in the eyes when compared to the UHF antenna made ​​of metal, "
UHF antenna shell is the original technology, resulting from continuous research and observation over the years. Natural polymer material of the soft-hard combination that can be relied upon as a satellite television at a radius of 180 km, with a gain of 11 dB, which can be used in the lowlands, high and towing. This antenna is very good performance for high frequencies. UHF antenna prototype shell consists of: (1) Two first-wave rectifier of the pores of the shell and the second plate mounted almonium smooth lining inside the shell parts (2) the reflector of almonium; and (3) carbonyl group and micro elements as a receiver. The advantages of this antenna can be more clearly close up, clear, cool eyes and clearer sound receiver.

Communication

Communication is a human need as a social being to establish good relations and interactions with other humans. Rozza S (2004) conducted research on human communication, states that;Human comunication is the primary activity of human being to exhange idea, opinion, and feelings. It woud seem that everybody is in favour of it. Lack of communication is frequently cited as the reason for anything that goes wrong with families, society and business. In the organization, communication becomes a means of creating qualified service and establishing awareneess and attitude of service employer to implement the role and funtion of qualified humn communication. In the organization, interpersonal communication is very often used. To implement effectively interpersonal communication, it needs a good relationship, understanding oneself and others, understanding individual ego and others, and mastering productive language skills: speaking and writing, and nonverbal communication.

Tubers slicing machine

One of the agricultural commodity sector is the bulbs, taro, cassava. Tubers are many in the consumption of processed foods in various forms, one of the models that food is very tasty and the flavor is kind of crackers thinly chopped and dried in the sun and then fried. Crackers are very popular in the country - a country pengahsil tubers. Usually crackers that have been fried can survive more than a month with the provisions laid out in a sealed chamber.
The chopped tubers thinly, for makes it easier there was made a slicing machine bulbs with capacity of 1000 kg / hour. This machine is driven by a motor drive with power 1 HP. Motor is connected by belt to the drive wheel shaft and the shaft rotate players blades are mounted on the rotary blade holder

Elektrical power of turbine

Example : a small turbine with a single phase 240 volts 50 Hz synchronous generator. The output power of the 0.8 pf generator is 5 kW. The turbine set is installed very close to the house. What extra switchgear will he require to use the turbine. a).if the main power supply is removed completely  b) if the intends to keep and use the main power during dry periods?

Fig.1

The kVA rating of the generator is 5kw/0.8 = 6.25 kVA. The current of the generator is 6.25 kVA/240 V = 26 amps. So all his new switches should be 30 amps.

a.    If the mains power is removed completely, he an connect the hydro power to the existing main switch and use it as it is. If no ELCB is available he can have that as an extra. See fig 1

Fig 2

If he want to install trips eg under-volts, frequency etc, he needs a 30 amp contactor with coil voltage of 240 volts. This contactor can be as shown below. See fig 2

b.    If he want to keep the mains supply along with the hydro supply he needs a manual changeover of 30 amps rating, and also a 30 amp main switch. If he hopesto use trips then he requires a contactor as mentioned above. See fig 3.

Fig 3

Fuel water hyacinth

Fuel water hyacinth is a solid fuel processed from biological materials carbonized. This fuel as a substitute for fossil fuels that are stored belly of the earth and is almost certain to run out, the formation of fossil energy sources other than take a long time pressures and high temperatures are needed inherent in the earth. Prof. Thamrin (2010) has conducted research on fuel from the carbonized water hyacinth. Obviously the manufacturing process-based fuels from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), more specifically in the form of solid fuel briquettes from water hyacinth that has been carbonized by the addition of clay as an adhesive. Fuel water hyacinth that has been dried and then dikarbonisi, then mashed. Materials used as an adhesive clay briquettes briquette is produced is produced is a cylinder with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 5 cm with a water content of 6%.